HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV stands from Human Immunodeficiency Virus), is now generally considered responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a retrovirus of the lentivirus genus. Current knowledge, HIV is divided into two strains: HIV-1 and HIV-2. The first of the two is mainly located in Europe, America and Central Africa. HIV-2, however, lies mainly in West Africa and Asia and causes a syndrome clinically more moderate than the previous strain.

HIV is able to productively infect the following cell types: lymphocytes, macrophages, microglia cells and dendritic cells. From some experiments it was suggested that it can infect even the tímoch marrow precursors and perhaps in the myeloid-monocytic line. Astrocytes also undergo infection by HIV, although it is not productive. Currently there is no evidence that neurons can also be infected by the virus.
Once the virus has penetrated the cell its RNA as DNA is transcribed by the reverse transcriptase and is subsequently integrated into the genome of the host cell d integrasi viral. Once the viral genome is integrated in that the host can remain inactive in terms of transcriptional for a period of months or years.
The input launching the transcription of the viral genome is supposed to be composed of stimuli that can activate the infected cell: antigens, cytokines, or infection by other viruses. This is because the transcription of genes of HIV is closely dependent on that of infected lymphocytes.

The virus has several modes of transmission. The most widespread is followed by sexual contact with infected blood or blood products. In developing countries particularly important is the transmission matrilineare or during childbirth or nell'allattamento. You should also remember the risks arising from the use of medical, dental and non-sterilized by contact with the health personnel and laboratory samples infected.
Sexual transmission is currently the most widely used mode of infection. At the beginning of the epidemic homosexuals were exposed category but now the infection is prevalent among heterosexuals in many countries people are most at risk. The virus is isolated from the seminal fluid, or as free particles or within mononuclear cells. We have seen that it increases in case of inflammation involving the genitals following the recall of elements of the immune system. HIV also is identified in the cervical smear and vaginal fluid.

Another vehicle of transmission is very important, especially in countries with higher living standards is the blood and its derivatives. The categories at risk for infection through blood and blood products are drug addicts who use intravenous drugs in the same syringe sharing among multiple people and individuals subject to transfusion.
Currently, the risk of infection through blood products has been drastically reduced through the use of screening procedures for all samples and treatment processes virucide on blood products.

The virus is spread vertically through the mother-child infection. For the most part it is considered that it takes place in the perinatal period, particularly at the time of confinement during which the child may come into contact with the maternal blood during the journey into the birth canal. However, were also limited in cases where the infection had already occurred in the first or second quarter. In order to mitigate the possible contagion has recourse to caesarean section, which showed a significant reduction in the risk of transmission to the child. Were also made to develop protocols with zidovudine taken after the second quarter and that have also demonstrated a significant decrease in the rate of transmission from 22.6% to 7%.

It has also documented the possibility of mother-child infection through milk or colostrum maternal and effectively the virus can be found in both fluids. This involves the advice to avoid breast-feeding for all mothers infected with the virus. This leads to problems especially in developing countries where breastfeeding is often the only source of survival and protection from infection to the baby.
HIV is present in low concentrations in saliva, in tears and urine of infected individuals, but there have been no cases of infection through nqueste secretions and the risk of transmission is negligible.

HIV infection is now pandemic. In January 2006 the Joint United Nations Progamme on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was identified in December 1981. Only in 2005, AIDS had claimed 2,4-3,3 million victims, of which more than 570,000 were children. A third of victims are located in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that about 0.6% of the world population is affected by. The most recent estimates speak of 90 million infected individuals in Africa, where there is no treatment because of high costs of the same.

Among the various phases of the life cycle of the virus more easily attacked by drugs are retrotrascrizione and post-translational modifications to run the newly-formed viral proteins. The drugs are available for now and then reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI, NNRTI) and protease inhibitors (PI). These products are used in therapy in combination with one another to avoid producing virus resistant to drugs, for the same need and the obligation by a clot loyal patient to treatment. Goal of drug therapy is to prevent viral replication in the (note not the complete eradication of infection remains chronic) to reduce the damage caused to the immune system and allow for survival and quality of life certainly increased. Are currently being studied fusion inhibitor drugs between virus and cell (key stage of infection). It is also testing a vaccine that does not prevent infection, but aims to improve the immune response of the subject already infected. It is still clear that there is no therapy that eradication of infection completely, it is therefore of fundamental importance to the prevention.
In addition, the drug currently in use at times fails to reach the best results, because of intolerance to medication or side effects (such as lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, increased cardiovascular risk, abortions), as well as the development of a resistant strain to medicines for HIV.

Among the herbs used in folk medicine against HIV infection include:
Sacha jergon
mullaca
bitter melon
carqueja
amargo
Chanca piedra
Macel
clavillia
vassourinha
chá de bugre
catuaba
simarouba
cat's claw
pau d'arco

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